![]() ![]() ![]() A series of recent papers attempts to provide a broader perspective by proxying for geographic variation in the intensity of female wartime work with state-level rates of manpower mobilization for the armed forces, arguing that women entered local labor markets to replace drafted men. The limited geographic scope of the Palmer Survey and its focus on married workers, however, left unclear if more comprehensive data might yield different conclusions. Footnote 2 In an important contribution, Claudia Goldin ( Reference Goldin1991) used a retrospective survey known as the Palmer Survey to show that women working in 1950 were more likely to have joined the labor force after the war than during it, suggesting limited direct effects of wartime employment by the end of the decade. Figure 1 Civilian Labor Supply and Military Inductions During WWIIĪ large literature has examined how this impressive but short-lived surge of female workers shaped the post-war course of female employment, particularly for white and married women, who experienced substantial growth in labor force participation rates over the 1940s. ![]()
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